participation plays in this effect for 11 new European Union member states. Using heterogeneous panel cointegration methods, we …

specification. For the long-run cointegration equation, the empirical results hint at export- and FDI-led growth. Additionally …This article applies the novel concept of global panel cointegration to analyze the role played by trade and foreign … empirical model and allows us to strongly reject the null of no cointegration among the variables in the full spatial …