of an empirical network from economically meaningful benchmarks or reconstruct the most likely structure of an economic … network when the latter is unknown. However, several studies have proved that real economic networks are topologically very … extensive and intensive bias, defined as a measurable tendency of the network to prefer either the formation of new links or the …

, highlighting the importance of the demand effect for Germany. Allowing for heterogeneous network effects shows that at least some … but from African or middle-eastern countries that do not have a large migrant network in Germany. …