According to an influential theoretical argument, presidential systems tend to present smaller governments because the separation between those who decide the size of the fiscal purse and those who allocate it creates incentives for lower public expenditures. In practice, forms of government...

Austerity is a concept that is often used in the public debate. It refers to fiscal policy measures that reduce government spending and raise taxes for the purposes of closing a government budget deficit. This paper analyzes the concept in the context of the current European economic crisis and...

This paper called “Banking restructured” redefines the role of banking sector to pave the way for future economic system that benefits 7 billion people of the world in all spheres of their lives in one form or the other. This restructured banking system will make the budget preparation of...

According to an influential theoretical argument, presidential systems tend to present smaller governments because the separation between those who decide the size of the fiscal purse and those who allocate it creates incentives for lower public expenditures. In practice, forms of government...

The extent of fiscal transparency in Western Europe has varied over the centuries. Although ancient Greek, Roman, and medieval governments were sometimes open about their finances, the absolute monarchies of the 1600s and 1700s shrouded them in mystery. Factorsthat have encouraged transparency...

Most party systems have seen a considerable rise in polarization during the past decades. We show that fiscal policies have contributed to this development. Our macro-level analysis of 166 elections since 1980 finds that austerity increases both electoral abstention and votes for non-mainstream...

Emerging market and developing economies have experienced recurrent episodes of rapid debt accumulation over the past fifty years. This paper examines the consequences of debt accumulation using a three-pronged approach: an event study of debt accumulation episodes in 100 emerging market and...

The idea of reducing insurance contributions from the current 30% to 21–22% while raising the VAT rate from 18% to 21–22% has been debated a lot since late in 2016. It is assumed that such a tax manoeuvre can reduce domestic producers' labour costs, and neither exporters nor investments will...

This paper assesses the impact of budgetary uncertainty on the optimum instrument for fiscal discipline. In addition to exogenous uncertainty, with respect to both the savings and damages of the public deficit, the model accommodates for externalities as a result of a multitier government...