Many political leaders of the Global South oppose linkages between trade liberalization and environmental protection. We field-tested a combination of surveys and conjoint experiments in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Vietnam to examine whether citizens in developing countries share this position....

Why is further multilateral trade liberalisation proving so difficult to achieve? This paper shows that Article XXIV itself, the set of WTO rules governing trade block formation, undermines the multilateral liberalisation process. Trade block formation under Article XXIV can be thought of as a...

This study examines the phenomena of “social clauses” that aim to uphold labour standards within the international trade regime and discusses examples of their implementation. “Social clauses”, despite their contentious past within the World Trade Organisation and preceding frameworks,...