gaps between theory and practice. The results of this work show that domestic trade costs proportionally grow with economic …The practice of trade cost measurement faces several challenges related to data quality, methodology and theory; but … the major issue is that of data scarcity. Due to these facts both domestic and asymmetric trade costs have been ignored …

This paper surveys the measurement of trade costs --- what we know, and what we don't know but may usefully attempt to … find out. Partial and incomplete data on direct measures of costs go together with inference on implicit costs from trade … flows and prices. Total trade costs in rich countries are large. The ad valorem tax equivalent is about 170% when pushing …