(ECM) under the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is employed as the estimation technique. Our findings reveal … the effects of remittances on economic growth. The bound test approach of cointegration and the error correction model …

significant cointegration, and the stationarity of FDI inflow at first difference, while the explanatory and controlled variables … were as mixed level. It validated the panel ARDL estimations methods such as mean group, pooled mean group, and a dynamic …. Future research may consider time series ARDL for each independent middle-income country. The findings of the study are …

2020 using the ARDL cointegration method. The results reveal that FDI, the interactive variable of FDI and trade openness …