We analyze institutional solutions to international cooperation when collective action creates negative externalities and splits the actors into supporters and opponents, all of whom can spend resources toward their preferred outcome. We study how actors can communicate their preferences through...

Global warming, as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions, is the most critical environmental issue today. More than half of the world's environmental experts participating in the 1999 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) investigation were agreed on the crucial nature of climate...

The demographic history of the Jews in the Middle Ages may be characterized by two main phenomena: i) a sharp drop in the number of Jews until the beginning of the modern period, due mainly to conversions; and, ii) early urbanization. Until now, these features have been analyzed as primarily...