In order to efficiently mitigate greenhouse gas emissions at the global level, renewables have emerged to help build a less carbon-intensive and more sustainable energy system worldwide. The competition between renewables and conventional fossil fuel power technologies remains critical for...

Mining activities are energy-intensive and rely largely on fossil fuels to meet their energy demands. This exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks, stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a low-emission development pathway, as envisaged by the...

Since the onset of the COVID-19, the seriousness of the climate problem has attracted more attention, and international cooperation to prevent climate change and climate disaster is continuing. More than 100 countries, including the EU, China, and Japan, have declared or are pursuing carbon...

This paper provides estimates of output multipliers for spending in clean energy and biodiversity conservation, as well as for spending on non-ecofriendly energy and land use activities. Using a new international dataset, we find that every dollar spent on key carbon-neutral or carbon-sink...