especially important. Productivity and wages vary greatly within as well as between industries. In any industry, manufacturers …

&D productivity and costs. Focusing on large R&D-performing firms in the chemical industry, an average-sized plant raises the firm’s R …&D productivity in the metropolitan area by about 2.5 times. The elasticity of R&D productivity with respect to the firm’s production … significant effect on R&D productivity in this sample. Other manufacturing industries exhibit similar results. My results cast …

Ireland on the eve of the Great Famine was a poor and backward economy. The Great Irish Famine of the 1840s is … famines, the Great Famine was not the product of a harvest shortfall, but of a major ecological disaster. Because there could … be no return to the status quo ante, textbook famine relief in the form of public works or food aid was not enough …

Ireland on the eve of the Great Famine was a poor and backward economy. The Great Irish Famine of the 1840s is … famines, the Great Famine was not the product of a harvest shortfall, but of a major ecological disaster. Because there could … be no return to the status quo ante, textbook famine relief in the form of public works or food aid was not enough …