This paper shows that governments have no incentive to introduce non-tariff barriers when they are free to set tariffs but they do when tariffs are determined cooperatively. We then show three results. First, with trade liberalization, there is a progression from u sing tariffs only to quotas,...

A global trade, economy-wide framework is used to assess the implications of improvements in market access through quota expansion and lowering of in- and out-of-quota tariffs. Special features include recent estimates of applied tariffs and TRQs and explicit treatment of those policies in the...