The current tax laws are based heavily on concepts of physical geography, such as controlling premises and physical equipment or employing staff in the jurisdiction. The geographical concepts do not accommodate the cloud business model in any sensible way. As a consequence, the taxation of cloud...

This paper examines the properties of the X-inefficiencies in U.S. bank holding companies derived from both stochastic and linear programming frontiers. This examination allows the robustness of results across methods to be compared. While we find that calculated programming inefficiency scores...

Statistical Methods to Develop Rating Models -- Estimation of a Rating Model for Corporate Exposures -- The Shadow Rating Approach - Experience from Banking Practice -- Estimating Probabilities of Default for Low Default Portfolios -- Transition Matrices: Properties and Estimation Methods -- A...

In view of the progressive development of the ESG concept, this paper measures the sovereign ESG index of 171 countries worldwide over the period 1990-2020 by employing the entropy weight method based on relevant indicators from the World Bank's Sovereign ESG Database. The graphical analysis of...