For fixed maturity, under the no-arbitrage assumption, futures prices should follow a martingale with respect to the trading time, at least under the pricing measure. Therefore, a prominent display of trading time seasonality under the physical measure raises warning signs and can only occur by...

We estimate the impact of macroeconomic risk factors on shipping stock returns, using a quantile regression (QR) model. We regress the excess return of a portfolio for the container, dry bulk, chemical/gas, oil tanker, and diversified shipping sectors on the world market portfolio excess return,...

We study the relationship between Bitcoin and commodities by assessing the ability of Bitcoin to act as a diversifier, hedge, or safe haven against daily movements in commodities in general, and energy commodities in particular. We focus on energy commodities because energy, in the form of...

We study the relationship of the VIX index and the exchange traded note VXX on various time scales. We find that changes of VIX and VXX are correlated only contemporaneously on time scales of days, but VIX leads VXX on time scales of months. Next, we construct a simple joint model for VXX and...