This paper aims to investigate the effect of knowledge characteristics on the total factor productivity of firms developing drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. We decompose knowledge into knowledge associated with the technological firm portfolio and knowledge related to R&D projects, which...

In this paper, we study the evolution of private military corporations (PMCs), which are for-profit organizations that subcontract military field services to sovereign authorities as well as to others. Between Eisenhower's famous “military-industrial complex” speech in 1961 and the post-9/11...

The evolution of large international audit firms was driven by client needs and legal regulations specific for the audit industry. The organizational structure of these professional service firms can be characterized as a specific form of a strategic network. The national member firms have to...

In this paper I analyze the role of business service offshoring in international cooperation over the recession. In business services – as described in Schumpeterian literature – external restructuring including resource and production relocation is more intensive during recession periods...