A fundamental cause of the global financial crisis was excessive creation of short-term money-like liabilities ("quasi-money"), notably in shadow banking holdings of sub-prime MBS and other US dollar structured credit instruments and in cross-border flow of capital to the uncompetitive Euro area...

A fundamental cause of the global financial crisis was excessive maturity mismatch, notably shadow banking holdings of sub-prime MBS and other structured credit instruments and cross-border Euro area interbank lending to the uncompetitive Euro area periphery. The costs of short term funding do...

This paper considers the ‘market failures' that can block standardisation and recommends actions to overcome these barriers and so ensure greater realisation of the efficiency and risk-reduction benefits of standardisation in global financial markets. It first reviews the economic benefits of...

In the context of recent developments with cryptocurrencies, as well as the potential rise of central bank digital currencies, we present a new visualisation of money. Using three novel figures, we distinguish between the relevant mechanisms, technologies, recordkeeping, and transactions of...