The protection of a "system of undistorted competition" within the internal market is one of the core elements of EU law that institutionalizes economic integration. The addressees of the prohibitions regarding restraints of competition such as Articles 101 and 102 TFEU are "undertakings". Hence...

This Article creates a paradigm for future studies of the role of Transnational Legal Process in the field of the interface between trade and competition policy to enhance a legal-based trade relationship between countries. It suggests that essential synergies that exist between trade and...

Effective enforcement of competition law is vital for the functioning of competitive markets. As competition authorities are constrained by scarce financial and human resources, it is neither possible, nor desirable, to enforce every possible competition law infringement. Hence, the power to set...

A decade of decentralized enforcement of EU competition rules under the procedural framework of Regulation 1/2003 has produced a diverse enforcement record that varies among Member States. While the numbers of notified investigations and infringement decisions based on Articles 101 & 102 TFEU...

A decade of decentralized enforcement of EU competition rules under the procedural framework of Regulation 1/2003 has produced a diverse enforcement record that varies among Member States. While the numbers of notified investigations and infringement decisions based on Articles 101 & 102 TFEU...

The ne bis in idem principle (the prohibition of double jeopardy) is a fundamental protection under EU law. It has long been of particular importance in the decentralised system of EU competition law enforcement brought about by Regulation 1/2003. While the mechanism for cooperation between the...

This article begins with a general discussion of why governments comply with international law norms. It then discusses the specific antitrust context in which international norms are created, the process of identifying fundamental due process norms, and the review mechanisms that were adopted...