More than 170 years ago, Frédéric Bastiat noted in his masterly work Economic Sophisms that the “opposition to free trade rests upon errors, or, if you prefer, upon half-truths.”1 Ever since Adam Smith successfully replaced mercantilist orthodoxy with free trade doctrine in his celebrated...

This paper seeks to add to the current debate about financial development and growth in the emerging world by looking at how different financial systems evolve: how and why financial structures change during various stages of development, how best to measure them, and seeing what practical...

This paper seeks to add to the current debate about financial development and growth in the emerging world by looking at how different financial systems evolve: how and why financial structures change during various stages of development, how best to measure them, and seeing what practical...

So what might standards in these areas look like?Taxonomies & performance standards need to be outcome-focused sets of definitions and characteristics, so that regulators and potential purchasers can assess MDLs based on their outputs, rather than the mechanics of how they operate; Data...

London has moved ahead of New York to reclaim the number one position. London climbed 12 points in the ratings to lead New York by eight points. The GFCI is on a scale of 1,000 points and we believe that a lead of fewer than 20 points indicates relative parity. London and New York are often as...

Commissioned by Busan Metropolitan City, this special report provides an overview of the maritime sector including major ports and related maritime financial centres. Global trade growth drives global shipping growth. It is quite clear that Asia, and in particular China, now leads in terms of...

We are pleased to present the third edition of the Global Green Finance Index (GGFI 3).The GGFI has been developed jointly by Z/Yen, as part of its Long Finance Initiative, and Finance Watch. We are grateful to the MAVA Foundation for its sponsorship of this work