The IMF's Vulnerability Exercise (VE) is a cross-country exercise that identifies country-specific near-term macroeconomic risks. As a key element of the Fund's broader risk architecture, the VE is a bottom-up, multi-sectoral approach to risk assessments for all IMF member countries. The VE...

The shipping industry has been quite successful in reducing the number of major accidents in the past. In order to continue this development in the future, innovative leading risk indicators can make a significant contribution. If designed properly, they enable a forward-looking identification...

Although the literature on the benefits of diversifying equity portfolios to emerging markets is abundant, the role of frontier markets in global equity portfolio diversification is clearly less examined. We contribute to the existing literature by examining three different, though closely...