(VSSs) become quasi-mandatory for cocoa producers and grinders to ensure accessto these markets. Yet, their trade effects are … unclear. We study the effect of a VSSon raw and processed cocoa exports. We use a unique dataset that contains the … UTZCertified cocoa production quantity of cocoa-producing countries from 2010 to 2016.This allows us to estimate a gravity model of …

-billion dollar markets and the world’s leading food and beverage companies, such as Mars, Mondelez, McDonalds, Unilever, and Nestle …

The high volatility of the world cocoa price makes the millions of cocoa farmers in the developing world highly … or demand. Therefore, we test the hypothesis that the price elasticities of the global cocoa supply and demand are low …. We describe the global cocoa market with cointegration dynamic supply, demand and price submodels. Our OLS, 2SLS, and SUR …