This paper uses cross-country data to examine the long-term effect of trade openness on the gender gaps in wages …, education, political empowerment and health. Key findings are: trade openness since 1970 reduced the gender gaps in wages and … openness on the gender wage gap remained observable in later years (1980, 1990 and 2000), although it decreased in degree over …

In this paper, we investigate whether gender norms and institutions act as a constraint to the performance of female … controlling for other factors that affect female businesses uniformly across all markets. We provide evidence that gender … inequality and institutional biases against women in trade partner countries play an important role in explaining gender …

In this paper, we investigate whether gender norms and institutions act as a constraint to the performance of female … controlling for other factors that affect female businesses uniformly across all markets. We provide evidence that gender … inequality and institutional biases against women in trade partner countries play an important role in explaining gender …

gender-based indices constructed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and suggests alternatives for choice of … variables, functional form, and weights. While the UNDP Gender Inequality Index (GII) conceptually reflects the loss in …, resulting in only the partial capture of gender inequalities. Since the dimensions used for the GII are different from those in …

In this paper we construct the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) and its five subindices Family code, Civil … liberties, Physical integrity, Son Preference and Ownership rights using variables of the OECD Gender, Institutions and … Development database. Instead of measuring gender inequalities in education, health, economic or political participation, these …

's impact on the labor market. Another notable finding is the central role of telecommuting: gender gaps in the employment … telecommuters a different kind of gender gap arises: women working from home during the pandemic spent more work time also doing … childcare and experienced greater productivity reductions than men. We discuss what our findings imply for gender equality in a …

reflect and perpetuate gender norms that limit women's economic participation, and removal of these impediments through legal …, and the United States) that rank high in gender equality in their respective regions demonstrate how legal reforms have …