This paper presents a novel approach to accounting for subnational conflict exposure and provides new insights into the causal medium-run effects of conflict on economic development. The existing literature has not reached a consensus on whether civil conflict can permanently alter economic...

We derive a novel estimation approach to quantify three-party relocation effects in a dyadic framework. Applied to the effects of civil conflicts on trade, we find robust evidence that importers substitute away from exporters that are engaged in conflict. This trade relocation persists after the...