and Norway in order to measure how they responded to global markets during the First and Second Globalizations. Both … export performance and industrial expansion. In the case of Chile, our analysis highlights a clear re-primarization based on … one single product whose exploitation did not require heavy knowledge investments. By contrast, Norway was able to combine …

Over the past few years, renewable energy subsidies have become one of the main sources of trade disputes in the WTO. A … against the much larger and environmentally harmful fossil fuel subsidies. The main objective of this paper is to examine what … makes renewable energy subsidies vulnerable to WTO dispute, as compared to fossil fuel subsidies. …

this regard, various export promotion measures other than subsidies may be useful as a transitional device for countries …The WTO has increased international disciplines on export policy, but there is still scope for the use of export … subsidies and other measures to promote exports. Under macroeconomic and trade reforms of the last decade, many countries have …