We examine the effects of incorporating a potential tax on carbon emissions into a value investment strategy. We show that in a portfolio optimization problem, a carbon tax at the stock level is mathematically equivalent to a carbon constraint at the portfolio level. Using this insight we derive...

Using the valuation methods proposed by, we value the internally generated intangible assets of the listed companies in DS30 index by capitalizing relevant portions of R&D, advertising and training expenses. After adjusting for the changes in book value and earnings, we show that companies...