statistical areas (MSAs) within the U.S. In contrast to previous findings that knowledge localization fades over time, border and … distance effects increase over time for the same-age citations. This increasing effect of borders and distance is associated … with strengthened knowledge agglomeration over time. Nevertheless, both border and distance effects decrease with the age …

We propose a model of production where technical change is both time and management induced. We define a general … management index in addition to the general time index of Baltagi and Griffin (1988) and use them as arguments in the translog … productionfunction. Time and management induced technical change are then defined interms of these general indices. For comparison, we …