This paper uses a frequency domain approach to gain insight into the correlation between survey indicators and year … of the correlation between survey indicators and year-on-year GDP growth at the different frequencies to explain their … overall correlation. We show that survey indicators, similar to year-on-year GDP growth, do not perfectly reflect business …

asymptotically valid for serially independent observations. Yet, in the presence of serial correlation they are markedly oversized as … confirmed in a simulation study. We summarize serial correlation robust test procedures and propose a bootstrap approach. By … relevance to account for serial correlation in economic time series when testing for the value of directional forecasts …