An important issue in estimating cartel overcharges is to have a reliable estimate of the but-for-the-cartel price …. While the cartel price is observable, the but-for-the-cartel price is not. A construction of the but-for-cartel … previous non-cartelised period or constructs on cost-based data and mark-ups the but-for-price over the cartel period. This …

The reintroduction of capital punishment in 1976 that ended the four-year moratorium on executions generated by the … of capital punishment to study deterrent effects. However, no scholarly consensus exists as to their magnitude. A key … deterrent effect. Because differences across models are not well motivated by theory, the deterrence literature is plagued by …

. It is particularly suited in the context of a reputation index, because small amounts of noise can easily mask more …