An important issue in estimating cartel overcharges is to have a reliable estimate of the but-for-the-cartel price. While the cartel price is observable, the but-for-the-cartel price is not. A construction of the but-for-cartel-price evolution by assuming perfect competition, i.e. that price...

The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of using a net discount rate (NDR) based on historical data to estimate the present value of the cost of future medical care goods and/or services. Such goods and services often comprise the largest part of the typical life-care plan....