COVID-19 has hit the economy in an unprecedented way, abruptly changing the data generating process of many economic time series. This has triggered one of the highest policy interventions that we have ever seen. Policy assessment relies on real time monitoring of the economy using seasonally...

Background/Aims The stochastic arrival of patients at hospital emergency departments complicates their management. More than 50% of a hospital’s emergency department tends to operate beyond its normal capacity and eventually fails to deliver high-quality care. To address this concern, much...