consumer perspective, the digital euro will rather co-circulate with cash than replace it in transactions. …The present paper provides an overview on current developments of cash usage and issue of central bank digital currency … (CBDC) in the euro area and proposes a possible design of a digital euro that allows for instant offline payments. Cash …

rise of cryptoassets and a decline in the use of cash, should digital payments be left entirely to the private sector or …

The bulk of euro-denominated cash is held for store of value purposes, with such holdings sharply increasing in times … hold cash. In our model, the introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) as a store of value that is superior to … cash leads to bank disintermediation as some depositors opt for switching to CBDC based on their beliefs. While CBDC …

implementation of CBDC in terms of their monetary policy implications. In the ‘money user scenario' CBDC co-exists with both cash and … commercial bank deposits. In the ‘money manager scenario' cash is abolished and CBDC co-exists only with commercial bank deposits …. And in the ‘money maker scenario' commercial bank deposits are abolished and CBDC co-exist only with cash. The evaluation …