profitability of firms remains unclear. We reconstruct the annual financial records of Sena Sugar Estates in Portuguese East Africa … to the performance of the firm. We show that Sena Sugar Estates achieved stable and solid returns to capital, comparable …

sugar plantations, since the extreme demographic and social conditions prevailing in the latter have persistently affected … family formation patterns. By exploiting the exogenous variation in sugar suitability, we establish the following. In 1850 …, sugar suitability is indeed associated with extreme demographic outcomes within the slave population. Over the period 1880 …

sugar plantations, since the extreme demographic and social conditions prevailing in the latter have persistently affected … family formation patterns. By exploiting the exogenous variation in sugar suitability, we establish the following. In 1850 …, sugar suitability is indeed associated with extreme demographic outcomes within the slave population. Over the period 1880 …