The increase of financial crisis in 2008 helped to bring the recession in developed countries and the reduction of acceleration in the economies of emerging countries. Moreover, the degree of vulner-ability in emerging countries has increased through their dependence of external financing....

The impact of the crisis on Europe comes from both direct and indirect channels. The direct effects have been felt mostly through the financial sector. For example, stock market volatility has increased since the onset of the crisis and wealth losses have been observed in the major stock...