-interest rate environment, which fundamentally changed the business environment for the Japanese commercial banks. On the income … side, with interest margins becoming increasingly depressed, net interest revenues declined, which forced the banks to … expand revenues from fees and commissions. The banks had to cut costs by reducing the number of employees, closing branches …

-interest rate environment, which fundamentally changed the business environment for the Japanese commercial banks. On the income … side, with interest margins becoming increasingly depressed, net interest revenues declined, which forced the banks to … expand revenues from fees and commissions. The banks had to cut costs by reducing the number of employees, closing branches …

-interest rate environment, which fundamentally changed the business environment for the Japanese commercial banks. On the income … side, with interest margins becoming increasingly depressed, net interest revenues declined, which forced the banks to … expand revenues from fees and commissions. The banks had to cut costs by reducing the number of employees, closing branches …

risks posed by individual banks but also, importantly, those posed by nonbanks and the system as a whole. The recent …

that banks require collateral from observably riskier borrowers (lender selection effect), while lower risk premiums arise …