domestic production in the first stage and subsequently engage in peace negotiations trying to avoid war. War is costly and war … those involving war. The two players will build more arms in any peace equilibrium than in the (unique) war equilibrium …This paper studies a simple two-stage model of conflict in which two players allocate resources between arms and …

of bargaining, where offers are made, with claim stages, where one side can commit to impose surrender on the other …. Under uncertainty on the persistence of claims, long confrontations occur in the unique equilibrium of the game: war arises … both wrong. Bargaining proposals that are rejected initially might eventually be accepted after several periods of …

experimental results suggest: In a simple bargaining game with an exogenous mediation proposal, the likelihood of conflict is … independent of the balance of power. If bargaining involves endogenous demand choices, however, the likelihood of conflict is …We study the role of an imbalance in fighting strengths when players bargain in the shadow of conflict. Our …

Envy is often the cause of mutually harmful outcomes. We experimentally study the impact of envy in a bargaining … setting in which there is no conflict in material interests: a proposer, holding the role of residual claimant, chooses the … harms the proposer. Notwithstanding, maximal claims by proposers are predominant for all game types. This generates conflict …

experimental results suggest: In a simple bargaining game with an exogenous mediation proposal, the likelihood of conflict is … independent of the balance of power. If bargaining involves endogenous demand choices, however, the likelihood of conflict is …We study the role of an imbalance in fighting strengths when players bargain in the shadow of conflict. Our …

bargaining power. We show that negligibly small changes in the bargaining power of non-elites, conditional on enfranchisment, via … coalition formation, constrains the bargaining power of the stronger elite and result in discontinuous changes in equilibrium …