edition in 1990 and 3rd edition in 2007). The Peterson Institute has not reported transparently on these changes. At the level … methodology they uncover positive bias (that is: methodological changes that make it more likely to find sanction success as …

-generation process, the least-squares estimators have smaller bias (in fact zero bias) but larger variances in the long regression than … in the short regression. But if the long regression is also misspecified, the bias may not be smaller. We provide bias …