Torrefaction is a thermal pretreatment process for biomass where raw biomass is heated in the temperatures of 200–300 °C under an inert or nitrogen atmosphere. The main constituents contained in biomass include hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin; therefore, the thermal decomposition...

In recent years, torrefaction, a mild pyrolysis process carried out at the temperature range of 200–300 °C, has been considered as an effective route for improving the properties of biomass. Hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and xylan are the basic constituents in biomass and their thermal...