Fixed numbers of agents equipped with high versus low fighting effort sort themselves into n groups. The group sizes and fractions of strong agents in each group are determined endogenously. The agents compete within and between the groups for their aggregate production which is fixed for the n...

Axelord’s [(1970), Conflict of Interest, Markham Publishers, Chicago] index of conflict in 2 ×  2 games with two pure strategy equilibria has the property that a reduction in the cost of holding out corresponds to an increase in conflict. This article takes the opposite view, arguing that...