Crime rates in the United States have declined to historical lows since the early 1990s. Prison and jail incarceration … assessment of whether the crime declines can be attributed to the massive expansion of the U.S. criminal justice system. We argue … that the crime is certainly lower as results of this expansion and the crime rate in the early 1990s was likely a third …

-specific prison incarceration rates. We find very little evidence of an effect of the large reduction in incarceration rates on … research, the results from this study support the hypothesis of a crime-prison effect that diminishes with the scale of …We evaluate the effect of perhaps the largest exogenous decline in a state's incarceration rate in U.S. history on …

's criminal justice system, offering new insights into how incarceration affects subsequent crime and employment. We construct a …. Exploring factors that may explain the preventive effect of incarceration, we find the decline in crime is driven by individuals …Understanding whether, and in what situations, time spent in prison is criminogenic or preventive has proven …

Employing nonparametric bounds, we examine the effect of military service on incarceration outcomes using the Vietnam … not strong statistical evidence that the direct effect of the draft increases the incarceration rate for violent offenses … for a particular cohort of draft avoiders, and (ii) military service increases the incarceration rate for violent and …