child penalty and the prevailing gender norms and family policies in the region. We find that motherhood reduces women …

Women are more likely than men to work in the informal sector and to drop out of the labor force for a time, such as … productivity, increases women's vulnerability to income shocks, and impairs their ability to save for old age. Many developing … countries have introduced social protection programs to protect poor people from social and economic risks, but despite women …

Women are more likely than men to work in the informal sector and to drop out of the labor force for a time, such as … productivity, increases women's vulnerability to income shocks, and impairs their ability to save for old age. Many developing … countries have introduced social protection programs to protect poor people from social and economic risks, but despite women …

more resilient than those of male migrants, owing to these women's stronger links to family members left behind and self …

Should agricultural development programs target women in order to increase productivity? This paper reviews the … extensive literature on men's and women's relative productivity in agriculture, most of which concludes that controlling for … productivity on plots managed by women with those managed by men, ignoring the majority of agricultural households in which men and …

This paper discusses cultural barriers to women's participation and success in the labor market in developing countries … more detail specific gender-related social norms and how they constrain women’s employment. I present examples of policies …