Economists use micro-based and macro-based approaches to assess the macroeconomic return to population health. The … the macroeconomic return to health. We reconcile the two approaches by controlling for the indirect effects of health … of health. Our results show that the macroeconomic return to health lies in the range of plausible microeconomic …

traditional equilibrium, contraceptives are not used, fertility is high and education and growth are low. At the modern … equilibrium, contraceptives are used, fertility is low and further declining with increasing income, and education and growth are … provide more education for their children and leads to an earlier uptake of modern contraceptives and an earlier onset of the …