Following the Hausmann, et al. (2005) methodology, we attempt to identify the constraints to growth in Pakistan. We argue that governance failure and institutional shortcomings are the heart of the matter : corruption is rampant, judicial independence is low, educational institutions do not...

The importance of promoting innovation has been elevated up to a status of official standard since the Lisbon European Summit in 2000. Here research and development (R&D) was singled out as an essential element of the foundation on which innovation could be built. R&D has been a growing area of...

The analysis of clusters has attracted considerable interest over the last few decades. The articulation of clusters into complex networks and systems of innovation -- generally known as regional innovation systems -- has, in particular, been associated with the delivery of greater innovation...

We present an endogenous growth nmodel in which both the investment to develop a new technology - that upgrades the quality of machines - and entry of imitators are determined endogenously. According to the model, how soon the new-technology machines in launched after the patent is granted is...

It is commonly argued that catastrophic effects of physical shocks are recovered consequentially due to internal adjustment mechanisms economies retain. The theoretical literature on growth implications of earthquakes relies on the same premise, by and large, putting relatively minor role on the...

Drastic technological changes are cyclical because basic R&D is carried on only at times when entrepreneurial profits for incremental technologies of the prevailing technological paradigm fall close to zero. The model is essentially an endogenous technological change framework. Varieties, input...

China is well-placed to avoid the so-called “middle-income trap” and to continue to converge towards the more advanced economies, even though growth is likely to slow from near double-digit rates in the first decade of this millennium to around 7% at the 2020 horizon. However, in order to...

Start-ups of new firms are important for economic growth. However, start-up rates differ significantly between countries and within regions of the same country. A large empirical literature studies the reasons for this and attempts to identify the regional determinants of start-ups. In contrast,...

Copper mining is among the largest economic activities in Zambia, comprising close to ten percent of GDP. Between 2003 and 2008, the price of copper increased by over 400 percent. In response, copper production in Zambia grew by 70 percent and employment in copper mining increased by nearly 200...

Existing studies suggest that individual and household level economic shocks affect the demand for and supply of risky sex. However, little evidence exists on the effects of an aggregate shock on equilibrium risky sexual behavior. This paper examines the effects of the early twenty-first century...