Chiswick, Barry R.; Hatton, Timothy J. - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2002
Colonial settlement. The contract and coerced migration from Europe and Africa gave way, from the 18th century, to an era of … free European migration. The period 1850 to 1913 was one of mass migration, primarily from Europe to North America and … constraints of immigration controls. Europe joined North America and Oceania as a major destination, as did the oil producing Arab …