and landowners). Industrialization requires the elites to finance schools and the masses to attend them. Schooling raises … productivity, particularly for matches between masses and bourgeois. At the same time, only country-wide education ("unified … education") or the regionally dominant group can choose to implement schooling in its own region but refuse to share the costs …

urbanization. We also find positive and significant effects of industrialization and education on urbanization, consistent with the …

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is impacting on the industrialization options for Africa inter alia through …. In order for the continent to benefit from the 4IR more needs to be done to improve entrepreneurship and education. A … number of policy recommendations for 4IRcompatible entrepreneurship and education policies are made. …