use different identification strategies. Three identification strategies that are currently in use rely on: identical … quality of each identification procedure; and (iii) get at better perspective about intergenerational effects of education. We … find that the three identification strategies all produce intergenerational schooling estimates that are lower than the …

differences in data sets; (b) differences in remaining biases between different identification strategies; and (c) differences … across identification strategies in their ability to make out-of-sample predictions. We conclude that discrepancies in past …