Disaggregated data from 30 two-digit manufacturing industies in the Eastern and Western parts of unified Germany are used to estimate employment from three skill categories of blue collar workers. Employment elasticities are uniformly higher in the East, and for unskilled labour. The former...

Using 4 years of data from 37 American cities and 6 high technology groupings we present the first estimates of University R&D spillover effects on employment at this level of disaggregation, while controlling for prior innovations and state fixed effects. Wages and employments are strongly...

This paper uses National Child Development Study data for a large cohort of British individuals, to explore the influence of education, inheritance and other background characteristics on the propensity to become self-employed; and also on subsequent success, as measured by job and wealth...

A new theory of entrepreneurial effort demonstrates that reducing liquidity constraints may retard the performance of the self-employed. A two dimensional empirical approach then distinguishes the impact of human and financial capital on both the number and performance of the self-employed. This...

New survey data for a panel of Polish firms is used to study employment and wage adjustment in state-owned enterprises, new private firms, and insider- and outsider- controlled privatized firms. In contrast to earlier studies, dynamic panel data estimators (GMM) allow for endogeneity of observed...

It is well known that both "Silicon Valley" and "Route 128 Boston" owe much of their success ot the proximity of Stanford University and MIT. Knowledge spillovers from large research universities contribute to increasing returns, resulting in divergent development between clusters. This...