NAFTA’s investment treaty has led to several expropriation compensation claims from investors hurt by new … environmental regulations. Expropriation clauses in international treaties solve post-investment moral hazard problems such as hold …-out from the definition of expropriation can be Pareto-improving and can increase the level of foreign investment. …

International investment agreements in bilateral treaties or free trade agreements allow investors to bring …. Compensation rules such as expropriation clauses in international treaties help solve post-investment moral hazard problems such as …-out from the definition of compensable expropriation can be Pareto-improving and can increase the level of foreign investment. …

, this PPCO is being challenged, particularly in international investment law. This paper analyzes the efficiency properties … of a PPCO in a model with endogenous regulation, investment and entry. We design a one-parameter family of carve …-out/compensation schemes that induce efficient regulation and firm level investment even when the regulator suffers fiscal illusion and the …

Because of the assumption of constant emission factors, economy-environment models often show that free trade has … negative environmental consequences. However, this pessimistic view ignores the possibility of trade strengthening the demand … for regulatory institutions. An `institutional optimism hypothesis’, stating that the net environmental result of trade …

Previous studies of trade and the environment overwhelmingly focus on how trade affects where goods are produced …. However, trade also affects where goods are consumed. In this paper we describe a model of trade with durable goods and non …-chomothetic preferences. In autarky, used goods are relatively inexpensive in high-income countries and free trade causes these goods to be …

-territorial policy responses to such issues as trade, finance, the environment, human rights and human security. The copyright of this … on political economy, security, norms and identity, environment, human rights, migration and human security in Northeast …

This paper examines the role of the burden of proof (BoP) in National Treatment (NT) disputes under trade agreements … know the motives for policies that are allegedly pursued to protect the environment, but that also give commercial …