environmental costs associated with them. Critics have argued that economic growth, trade liberalization, and increased primary …

environmental costs associated with them. Critics have argued that economic growth, trade liberalization, and increased primary …

of trade to estimate a panel cointegrating relationship between real exchange rates and a set of fundamentals for a …-based real exchange rate and commodity terms of trade. The estimated impact of productivity growth differentials between traded …

Latin AmericaÂ’s trade relationships have been severely strained by the series of uncoordinated currency depreciations … depreciations, whether forced by capital markets or unilaterally effected for competitive trade reasons, are equivalent to steep … increases in tariffs facing trading partners; they damage trade relationships and distort trade-oriented economic growth. The …

and intranational data to evaluate the linkages between trade in goods, trade in financial assets, specialization and … important, as both trade and financial openness have a direct and an indirect effect on cycle synchronization. (ii) A variety of … reflection of intra-industry trade, and of openness to goods and assets trade. (iv) The estimated role of trade is in line with …

economic policy coordination. The IMF helps to ensure economic gains from globalization by encouraging trade liberalization …