For more than a hundred years, advances in development were associated with decreasing fertility rates. This led to … total fertility rates far below replacement level in most developed countries. However, during the last decade fertility … human development index (HDI) with the total fertility rate (TFR) reverses from negative (increases in HDI are associated …

We analyse various pathways through which access to electricity affects fertility, using a pseudo-panel of Indonesian … results suggest that the subsequent effects on fertility account for about 18 to 24 percent of the overall decline in the … fertility rate, depending on the specification. A key channel through which electrification affects fertility is increased …

Indonesia, are effective in advising young women to delay their first birth and also influence the decision on post … also stay longer in post-primary school. According to the average returns of education in Indonesia, I conclude that family …