We present three conditions for a demography-driven middle-income trap and show that many economies in East, South, and … Southeast Asia satisfy all of them. The conditions are (1) support ratio - the ratio of workers to consumers - matters for … economic growth, (2) economic development accompanies more investment in human capital and lower fertility due to the quantity …

We present three conditions for a demography-driven middle-income trap and show that many economies in East, South, and … Southeast Asia satisfy all of them. The conditions are (1) support ratio - the ratio of workers to consumers - matters for … economic growth, (2) economic development accompanies more investment in human capital and lower fertility due to the quantity …

Fertility has long been declining in industrialised countries and the existence of public pension systems is considered … which a public pension system depresses fertility. Our theoretical framework highlights that the effect of a public pension … system on fertility works via the impact of contributions in such a system on disposable income as well as via the impact on …

fertility rate and emigration rate are going to develop in Africa. Even modest increases in emigration from Africa would …