The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 mandates senior management to certify under oath that information contained in SEC filings is accurate and complete, and attest to the effectiveness of the internal control system. This study examines the factors that influenced senior management to voluntarily...

Many life insurance companies outside the US disclose embedded value (EV), an actuarial estimate of the present value of the future net cash flows arising from the company's in-force life insurance business. Industry surveys have shown that EV is used by analysts for valuation purposes. However,...