This study aims to analyse the discretionary fiscal policy of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia for the period 2003 … defines the discretionary fiscal position and the aggregate demand effect of fiscal policy. The SBBs in Azerbaijan and Russia … demonstrate that fiscal policies tend to be mainly procyclical in Kazakhstan and Russia. Azerbaijan conducted a counter …

appropriately introduced in Russia to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy. The key results of the paper are focused on a …

The marked turnaround in Russia's foreign trade in 2023 exerted strong downward pressure on the Russian rouble, which … Russian oil depressed prices even further; and on top of all that, Russia lost a large slice of what has historically been its …