This working paper presents a set of indicators to measure regional trade integration, with a special focus on the case of the European Union. We propose measures of openness, connectedness and integration which are tuned to evaluate not only how these components contribute to the advance of...

Over the last two decades, the degree of international financial integration has increased substantially, becoming an important area of research for many financial economists. This working paper explores the determinants of the asymmetries in the international integration of banking systems. We...

The aim of this article is to develop new international financial integration indicators together with their determinants: financial openness and regularity (balance) of bilateral financial flows. The study s contribution is based on the definition of the Standard of Perfect Financial...